Ungabhala Kanjani Izinkomba Ngefomethi ye-APA Ngo-202310 min ifundwe

Ekubhaleni kwezemfundo, ukukhomba kuyisici esibucayi esithuthukisa ukwethembeka komsebenzi wakho ngokuqaphela imithombo yemibono yakho kanye nobufakazi obusekelayo. 

Ngakho-ke, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuthi zibhalwa kanjani kahle izithenjwa ngefomethi ye-APA ukuze ugweme ukukopela futhi uhambisane nezindinganiso zemfundo. 

Lesi sihloko sizokusiza ukuthi uqonde ngokucacile isitayela sereferensi se-APA kanye namathuluzi owadingayo ukuze udale izinkomba ezinembile nezifanele. 

Ngakho-ke, ake sicwilise futhi siqale!

Ukuqonda Okuyisisekelo Kwefomethi ye-APA

Ifomethi ye-APA idinga isakhiwo esithile samaphepha, okuhlanganisa ikhasi lesihloko, i-abstract, indikimba eyinhloko, nohlu lwereferensi. 

Ake sihlolisise ngayinye yalezi zakhi:

1. Ikhasi Lesihloko

Ikhasi lesihloko kufanele libe nesihloko sephepha, igama lombhali kanye nenhlangano ehlangene yesikhungo. 

Kufanele futhi ifake ikhanda eligijimayo, inguqulo efushanisiwe yesihloko sephepha (kufika ezinhlamvini ezingu-50) evela phezulu ekhasini ngalinye lombhalo wesandla.

2. Abstract

I-abstract ifingqa iphepha elivela ekhasini layo ngemva kwekhasi lesihloko. Kufanele kube ngamagama angama-250 noma ngaphansi futhi afake nombuzo wocwaningo, izindlela, imiphumela, neziphetho.

3. Umzimba Omkhulu

Umzimba omkhulu wephepha kufanele uhlukaniswe ube yizigaba nezigatshana, kuye ngobude nobunkimbinkimbi bocwaningo. 

Izigaba kufanele zilebulwe ngezihloko ezichaza okuqukethwe kwesigaba ngasinye. 

Izingcaphuno ezingaphakathi kombhalo kufanele zisetshenziselwe ukusekela izimangalo ezenziwe ephepheni.

3. Uhlu Lwezikhombo

Uhlu lwereferensi kufanele lufake yonke imithombo ekhonjiwe ephepheni. 

Kufanele ihlelwe ngokwe-alfabhethi ngesibongo sombhali futhi ifake igama lombhali, unyaka wokushicilelwa, isihloko se-athikili noma incwadi, kanye nolwazi lokushicilelwe.

4. Imihlahlandlela yokufometha

Ngokungeziwe kusakhiwo sephepha, ifomethi ye-APA idinga imihlahlandlela ethile yokufometha. 

Nazi ezinye zezinkombandlela ezibalulekile okufanele uzikhumbule:

●       Ifonti

Ifonti kufanele ibe i-Times New Roman, amaphuzu ayi-12.

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●       Amanqamu

Amamajini kufanele abe iyintshi eyodwa kuzo zonke izinhlangothi zephepha.

●       Izikhala phakathi

Iphepha kufanele lihlukaniswe kabili kulo lonke.

●       Ukubeka

Umbhalo kufanele uqondaniswe nemajini yesokudla emagebhugebhu emkhawulweni wesokunxele.

●       Izihloko

Izihloko kufanele zibe nesibindi futhi zigxile.

5. Izingcaphuno ezingaphakathi kombhalo

Izingcaphuno ezingaphakathi kombhalo ziyingxenye ebalulekile yefomethi ye-APA. Zisetshenziselwa ukunikeza udumo emithonjeni okukhulunywe ngayo ephepheni. 

Izingcaphuno ezingaphakathi kombhalo kufanele zifake isibongo sombhali kanye nonyaka wokushicilelwa, zihlukaniswe ngekhoma. Kufanele futhi ufake inombolo yekhasi uma ucaphuna ngokuqondile emthonjeni.

Funda kabanzi:

Amathiphu Okubhala Izithenjwa Ngefomethi ye-APA ngo-2023

Uhlu lwereferensi luyingxenye ebalulekile yokubhala kwezemfundo evumela abafundi ukuthi bathole futhi baqinisekise imithombo ecashunwe ephepheni. 

Ibala yonke imithombo esetshenziswa ephepheni, okuhlanganisa izincwadi, izindatshana zamajenali, amawebhusayithi, nokunye okushicilelwe. 

Uhlu lwereferensi olwakhiwe ngendlela efanele lubalulekile ekugcineni ubuqotho nokwethembeka kwephepha locwaningo. Nawa amanye amathiphu okudala uhlu lwezithenjwa olukhangayo:

1. Landela ifomethi ye-APA

Ifomethi ye-American Psychological Association (APA) iyifomethi evamile yokudala uhlu lwereferensi emikhakheni eminingi yesayensi yezenhlalo.

Inikeza imihlahlandlela yokufometha uhlu lwereferensi, okuhlanganisa ukuhleleka kolwazi, izimpawu zokuloba, nosonhlamvukazi. Nansi indlela yokusebenzisa isitayela se-APA kuzithenjwa zakho:

●       Sebenzisa omalukeke ukuze uthole izihloko

Ifomethi ye-APA idinga izihloko zezincwadi, amajenali, neminye imisebenzi emide. Lokhu kusiza ukuwehlukanisa kukho konke okufakiwe okuyinkomba. 

Ngokuphambene, izihloko zama-athikili, izahluko, neminye imisebenzi emifushane akwenziwa ngomalukeke kodwa kufakwe ezimpawu zokucaphuna.

●       Bhala ngofeleba izihloko namabizo okuyiwonawona

Ngefomethi ye-APA, igama lokuqala lesihloko ngasinye nesihlokwana kufanele libe ngosonhlamvukazi, njengoba kufanele wonke amabizo okuyiwonawona. 

Isibonelo, “Indlela Efanelekile Yokubhala” ibhalwe ngosonhlamvukazi ngendlela efanele, kuyilapho “indlela efanele yokubhala” ingekho.

●       Sebenzisa izimpawu zokubhala ezifanele

Izimpawu zokubhala nazo zibalulekile kuzithenjwa ze-APA. Isibonelo, amakhefana ahlukanisa izakhi ngaphakathi kwesithenjwa, kuyilapho ongqi bebonisa isiphetho somusho. 

Ukwengeza, isihloko sendatshana yejenali kufanele silandelwe yikhoma, kanti isihloko sencwadi kufanele silandelwe yinkathi.

●       Fushanisa lapho kufaneleka

Ifomethi ye-APA ivumela izifinyezo ezithile, njengokuthi “ed.” kwe-“edition” kanye “p.” "lekhasi." Nokho, kubalulekile ukusebenzisa lezi zifinyezo ngokungaguquki kuzo zonke izithenjwa zakho. 

Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinye izifinyezo azivunyelwe ngefomethi ye-APA, njengokuthi “njll.” futhi “ie,”

2. Faka lonke ulwazi oludingekayo

Ngomthombo ngamunye ohlwini lwereferensi, faka umbhali(ababhali), usuku lokushicilela, isihloko somsebenzi, nolwazi lokushicilela. 

Ulwazi lokushicilelwe kufanele lubandakanye umshicileli, indawo okushicilelwe kuyo, nezinombolo zekhasi.

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3. Faka ama-alfabhethi ohlwini lwereferensi

Uhlu lwereferensi kufanele luhlelwe ngokulandelana kwezinhlamvu ngokuvumelana nesibongo sombhali wokuqala womthombo ngamunye. 

Uma kunemisebenzi eminingi yombhali ofanayo, ibhale ngokulandelana kwesikhathi, uqale ngomsebenzi wangaphambili.

4. Sebenzisa ukuhlehlisa okulengayo

Umugqa wokuqala wereferensi ngayinye kufanele uguqe ngemajini engakwesokunxele, futhi yonke imigqa elandelayo kufanele ihlehliswe. 

Lokhu ukuhlehlisa okulengayo futhi kuyifomethi evamile yohlu lwereferensi ngesitayela se-APA.

5. Hlola futhi uhlele

Uma usudale uhlu lwakho lwereferensi, zinike isikhathi sokuluhlola futhi uluhlele ngokucophelela. Qinisekisa ukuthi lonke ulwazi lunembile futhi luphelele futhi ukufometha kuyahambisana kulo lonke uhlu.

Funda kabanzi:

I-in-text Citations

Izingcaphuno ezisemibhalweni ziyingxenye ebalulekile yokubhala kwezemfundo, ezisebenza njengendlela yokunikeza udumo emithonjeni yolwazi esetshenziswe emsebenzini wakho. 

Lapho ubhala iphepha locwaningo, ithisisi, noma i-dissertation, izingcaphuno ezingaphakathi kombhalo zisiza ukusungula ukwethembeka kwakho njengesifundiswa futhi zibonise ubuchwepheshe bakho emkhakheni wakho wokufunda. 

Kungani Izingcaphuno Ezingaphakathi Kombhalo Zibalulekile

1. Ukuqinisekisa

Okokuqala, zivumela abafundi ukuthi baqinisekise ulwazi olwethulile emsebenzini wakho. 

Ngokucaphuna imithombo yakho, ubonisa ukuthi ulwenzile ucwaningo lwakho nokuthi umsebenzi wakho usekelwe olwazini oluthembekile noluthembekile. 

2. Iqokomisa ulwazi

Izingcaphuno ezingaphakathi kombhalo zibonisa ukuqonda kwakho izincwadi ezisensimini yakho. Ngokubhekisela emsebenzini wezinye izifundiswa, ubonisa ukuthi uyayiqonda imibono nemiqondo ebalulekile emkhakheni wakho. 

I-3. Isikweletu

Okokugcina, izingcaphuno ezingaphakathi kombhalo zinikeza ababhali bokuqala umsebenzi wabo owusebenzisayo. Lokhu kuvame ukuba yindaba yokubhala ngokuziphatha kanye nemfuneko engokomthetho.

Uzidala Kanjani Izingcaphuno Ezisebenzayo Ezingaphakathi Kombhalo

Ngaphandle kokulandela imithetho yesitayela sokucaphuna, ngezansi kunezindlela ezimbalwa zokwenza izingcaphuno zakho ezingaphakathi kombhalo zisebenze kakhulu futhi zihehe:

1. Sebenzisa imishwana yesignali

Imishwana yesignali ngamagama noma imishwana eyethula isicaphuni noma iphinde inikeze umongo kumfundi. 

Bangenza ukubhala kwakho kuhehe kakhudlwana futhi basize umfundi aqonde ukuhlobana kolwazi lwakho lwesethulo.

2. Sebenzisa ukwakheka kwemisho okuhlukahlukene

Esikhundleni sokuthi njalo uqale umusho wakho ngegama lombhali noma unyaka wokushicilelwa, zama ukusebenzisa izakhiwo zemisho ezehlukene ukuze udale ukuhlukahluka okuningi ekubhaleni kwakho. 

Isibonelo, ungase uqale umusho ngokuthi “According to Smith (2019)…” noma “Ocwaningweni lwakamuva lukaJones nozakwabo (2020)…”

3. Sebenzisa izingcaphuno eziqondile kancane

Nakuba izingcaphuno eziqondile zingasiza ukugcizelela iphuzu eliyinhloko noma ukunikeza ubufakazi, kubalulekile ukuthi unganciki kakhulu kuzo. 

Esikhundleni salokho, zama ukuchaza imininingwane ngamazwi akho, futhi sebenzisa izingcaphuno eziqondile kuphela lapho amagama ehlaba umxhwele noma lapho amagama aqondile ombhali ebaluleke kakhulu ekuphikisaneni kwakho.

4. Qiniseka ukuthi izingcaphuno zakho zinembile

Ngisho namaphutha amancane kuzingcaphuno zakho ezingaphakathi kombhalo angabukela phansi ukwethembeka kwakho njengesifundiswa. 

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Qiniseka ukuthi uhlola kabili izingcaphuno zakho ukuze uthole ukunemba, futhi usebenzise isofthiwe yokuphatha izithenjwa ukuze ulandelele imithombo yakho futhi wenze inqubo yokucaphuna isebenze kahle kakhulu.

Ungacaphuna Kanjani Futhi Ubhekise Ababhali Abaningana 

I-in-text Citations

Into yokuqala okufanele icatshangelwe lapho ucaphuna imithombo enababhali abaningi ngefomethi ye-APA ukucaphuna okungaphakathi kombhalo. 

● Uma kukhona ababhali ababili, faka womabili amagama esicaphunweni, ahlukaniswe i-ampersand (&). 

Isibonelo, (uSmith & Johnson, 2022).

● Uma kukhona ababhali abathathu kuya kwabahlanu, faka wonke amagama ababhali esicaphunweni sokuqala, ahlukaniswe ngokhefana, futhi usebenzise i-ampersand ngaphambi kwegama lombhali wokugcina. 

Ukuze uthole izingcaphuno ezilandelayo, sebenzisa isibongo sombhali wokuqala kanye nokunye. 

Isibonelo, (uSmith, Johnson, Thompson, Parker, & Kim, 2022) bese kuba (Smith et al., 2022).

● Uma kukhona ababhali abayisithupha noma ngaphezulu, sebenzisa kuphela igama lombhali wokuqala, kulandele nabanye, kuzo zonke izingcaphuno, okuhlanganisa nengcaphuno yokuqala. 

Isibonelo, (uSmith et al., 2022).

Uhlu Lokubhekisela

Uhlu lwezithenjwa olucashuniwe lwemithombo enababhali abaningi nalo lulandela imithetho ethile. 

● Ukuhleleka kwamagama ababhali kufanele kusekelwe ekunikeleni kwabo emsebenzini, kubhalwe umbhali wokuqala kuqala. 

Igama lombhali wesibili kufanele lifakwe ohlwini lokuqala lokuqala ngaphambi kwesibongo sakhe, futhi ababhali abalandelayo kufanele bafakwe ohlwini kusetshenziswa igama labo lokuqala nesibongo. 

Isibonelo, uSmith, JR, Johnson, TA, Thompson, LM, Parker, SK, Kim, KJ, & Jones, RL (2022).

● Uma kunababhali abangaphezu kwesikhombisa, bhala abayisithupha bokuqala, ulandelwe ngama-ellipses, bese kuba igama lombhali wokugcina. 

Isibonelo, uSmith, JR, Johnson, TA, Thompson, LM, Parker, SK, Kim, KJ, Jones, RL, … Davies, MG (2022).

imibuzo ejwayelekile ukubuzwa (FAQs) kokuthi 'Izibhala Kanjani Izithenjwa Ngefomethi ye-APA Ngo-2023'

Ngiyicaphuna kanjani incwadi ngefomethi ye-APA?

Encwadini, ireferensi kufanele ifake isibongo sombhali kanye nesiqalo sokuqala, idethi yokushicilela, isihloko sencwadi, nolwazi lokushicilela olufana nomshicileli nendawo. 
Ngokwesibonelo:
USmith, J. (2022). Ubuciko Bezikhombo Zokubhala. ENew York: Indlu Engahleliwe.

Ngiyicaphuna kanjani indatshana yejenali ngefomethi ye-APA?

Ku-athikili yejenali, ireferensi kufanele ifake isibongo sombhali nesiqalo sokuqala, idethi yokushicilela, isihloko se-athikili, igama lejenali, ivolomu nenombolo yokukhishwa, nezinombolo zekhasi. 
Ngokwesibonelo:
Jones, S. (2023). Ukubaluleka Kwezikhombo Ekubhaleni Kwezemfundo. Ijenali Yokubhala Kwezemfundo, 10(2), 45–59.

Ngiyicaphuna kanjani iwebhusayithi ngefomethi ye-APA?

Kuwebhusayithi, isithenjwa kufanele sifake igama lombhali (uma likhona), idethi yokushicilela (uma ikhona), isihloko sekhasi lewebhu, ne-URL. 
Ngokwesibonelo:
USmith, J. (2022). Ungabhala Kanjani Izinkomba Ngefomethi ye-APA. Kubuyiswe ku-https://www.example.com/how-to-write-references-in-apa-format/.
Qaphela: Uma ikhasi lewebhu lingenayo idethi ethile yokushicilela, ungasebenzisa idethi ofinyelele ngayo ikhasi lewebhu esikhundleni salokho.

Isiphi Isitayela se-APA sakamuva kusukela ngo-2023?

Kusukela ngo-2023, Isitayela se-APA sakamuva siwuhlelo lwesi-7. Ikhishwe ngo-Okthoba 2019 futhi yamukelwe izikhungo eziningi zemfundo nabashicileli. 
Uhlelo lwesi-7 luhlanganisa izinguquko ezibalulekile kusukela kuhlelo lwesi-6, olufana nokufomethwa kwamaphepha omfundi, ukuphathwa kwezingcaphuno ezingaphakathi kombhalo nohlu lwereferensi, kanye nokusetshenziswa kolimi oluhlanganisayo.

Isiphetho

Ifomethi ye-APA ekuqaleni ingase ibonakale ingaphezu kwamandla, kodwa ingaba imvelo yesibili ngokuzijwayeza. 

Khumbula ukulandela iziqondiso zesakhiwo kanye nokufometha, sebenzisa izingcaphuno ezingaphakathi kombhalo ukuze usekele izimangalo zakho, futhi ufake nohlu lwereferensi olunayo yonke imithombo ekhonjiwe ephepheni. 

Ngokufunda kahle izisekelo zefomethi ye-APA, ungakhiqiza amaphepha ezemfundo angochwepheshe, ahlelwe kahle azojabulisa oprofesa bakho nozakwenu.

Owesabekayo; Ngithemba ukuthi lesi sihloko siyawuphendula umbuzo wakho.

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